Emotional states were evaluated by Brunel Mood Scale (BRMUS) before and after exposing to the stimulus. Twenty-eight participants were divided into experimental and control groups. Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) was utilized as the recording modality. Exposure to a 6-Hz binaural beat on a 250 Hz carrier tone for 30 min was utilized in this study. The brain responses to binaural beats remain controversial therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate theta activity responses to a binaural beat by controlling factors affecting localization, including beat frequency, carrier tone frequency, exposure duration, and recording procedure. Considering these limitations, the performance of additional studies with more adequate experimental design and data analysis is recommended, particularly focusing on the neurophysiological and behavioral effects of brain wave entrainment on mental states.A binaural beat is a beat phenomenon that is generated by the dichotic presentation of two almost equivalent pure tones but with slightly different frequencies. Although most of the studies reviewed here indicated audio BWE effectiveness, some positive outcomes may require further investigation, with more refined and appropriate evaluation tools, better suited for each specific type of intervention and/or therapeutic target. Binaural beats were used in 15 studies (88.25%), whereas isochronic tones were used only in two studies (11.76%). These studies were fully read and critically analyzed. From that, 17 studies obtained a score of three points or more on the Jadad scale. The remaining studies were analyzed according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews, resulting in 33 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were then evaluated by the Jadad scale. The literature review was conducted using PUBMED, MEDLINE, LILLACS, and SCIENCE DIRECT online platforms using the search words: “audio brain entrainment,” “auditory beat stimulation, ” “binaural beats,” “brainwave entrainment (BWE),” and “isochronic tones.” The search yielded 674 studies, of which 49 were in duplicate, and 592 were out of the scope of this review, and, therefore, were excluded from the study. Prolonged audio stimuli in repetitive and synchronized manner may induce changes in brain waves patterns and, consequently, modulating neurophysiological, and behavioral responses. Data from the scientific literature suggest the existence of a promising therapeutic potential in neurology and psychophysiology due to their influence on specific frequencies of brain waves and their implications for mental health and homeostasis of brain neurotransmitters.
This systematic review is dedicated to deepening the study of two phenomena: binaural beats and isochronic tones.
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Future studies should examine the topic of dosage and lasting effect concerning binaural beats stimulation to access the full breadth of their effectiveness on attention and working memory networks. Because this is a novel topic, deductive reasoning was applied to render results. Playing binaural beats stimulation during the cognitive task alone may index their effect. Timing of binaural beats stimulation should be applied either before or before and during any proposed cognitive task. Carrier tones should be played at a frequency that is comfortable and perceivable (90 and 440 Hz). Further, longer exposure correlates with an increased effect. Forty Hertz binaural beats are the most effective for increasing focus and attention, however the methodology applied is significantly connected with results, where the minimum dosage needs to be at least nine minutes. A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA method, where 23 peer-reviewed studies were examined relating to binaural beats stimulation specifically for the purposes of assessing attention and memory networks. The objective of this research was to determine the overall efficacy, lasting effect, and dosage needed of binaural beats stimulation for the purposes of increasing focus and working memory. The resulting tone can stimulate certain brain areas and either increase or decrease their functioning. When two slightly different tones are played simultaneously in each our brains synchronize the two into one tone. Binaural beats have been hypothesized as a potential tool for creating cognitive stimulation for over a hundred years (Peterson, J.
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